Babies and the Gene Pool: Are Eye Problems Inherited?
We all know that our genes can affect certain characteristics in our offspring. This is far from unique to humans. In fact, all kinds of traits throughout the animal and plant worlds are passed down through genes. But what happens when someone in your family has a refractive error or eye condition? Can these be passed down to their children?
In this article, we’re taking a closer look at hereditary eye problems.
What are Hereditary Conditions?
Hereditary conditions, also known as inherited or genetic conditions, are diseases that are passed down from parents to children through genes.
Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes. They determine a huge number of traits, including biological functions and physical characteristics such as eye colour and height, as well as our susceptibility to certain diseases.
Hereditary conditions occur when mutations affect the genes or chromosomes. This can be inherited or occur randomly during development.
Some examples of hereditary conditions include:
- Cystic fibrosis
- Sickle cell disease
- Huntington’s disease
- Muscular Dystrophy
Inherited Eye Conditions
It is estimated that more than 350 eye diseases may have a hereditary link. That means an individual is more likely to be born with, or develop, a certain eye condition if someone in their family has it.
In fact, most eye diseases are linked, in part, to genetics, although other factors can also play a role. Now, let’s take a look at some examples of inherited eye conditions.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a disease that causes damage to the optic nerve. In many cases, though not all, this damage is caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. Over time, this can cause vision loss and, eventually, blindness.
Having a family history of glaucoma can significantly increase the risk of developing the condition, particularly in the case of early-onset and primary open-angle glaucoma.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss, typically affecting people aged over 60. It occurs when age-related eye damage begins to affect the macula. The macula is the central area of the retina, the photosensitive layer at the back of the eye that sends information, via the optic nerve, to the brain.
This relatively common condition is linked to a range of factors, including genetics. Again, family history is a significant risk factor for AMD. According to some estimates, an individual is three times more likely to develop the condition if they have a first-degree relative with it.
Are Refractive Errors Inherited?
Refractive errors are extremely common in the human population. These common vision problems occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from being focused effectively on the retina. Types of refractive error include myopia (short-sightedness), hyperopia (long-sightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia.
The most common refractive error is myopia, which affects around a third of people in the UK, and figures show that it is on the rise. But are these common eye problems inherited?
Well, to put it simply: yes.
Genetics have been found to play a significant role in the development of refractive errors. According to the National Institute for Health, heritability estimates for refractive errors range from 50% to over 90%! In particular, several genes and genetic pathways have been identified in the development of myopia. However, researchers note that the rising prevalence of myopia may also be linked to an increase in time spent on screens.
No matter whether your refractive error was passed down through your family, the resulting reliance on glasses and contact lenses is no less frustrating. If you’d like to learn more about Laser Eye Surgery, get in touch with one of our friendly clinic coordinators or Book a Consultation today.
